Least Concern
Relatively low immediate extinction risk under the IUCN framework.
Near Threatened
Close to threatened thresholds or likely to qualify soon.
Vulnerable
High risk of extinction in the wild under IUCN criteria.
Endangered
Very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Critically Endangered
Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Extinct in the Wild
Known only from captivity/cultivation or outside historical natural range.
Extinct
No reasonable doubt remains that the last individual has died under the framework.
Data Deficient
Insufficient information to assess extinction risk.
Not Evaluated
Not yet assessed under the relevant framework.
Habitat protection
Protect rivers, wetlands, mangroves, seagrass, reefs and migration corridors.
Sustainable fisheries
Catch limits, gear rules, closures and protected areas can reduce pressure when data support them.
Pollution reduction
Reducing contaminants and nutrient loading protects fish and food webs.
Law enforcement
Protected species and regulated trade require effective monitoring.